![]() It is often observed that small sample size results in non-normal distribution. Sample size has a significant effect on sample distribution. When this distribution follows a bell-shape, then it is called normal. However, with continuous data, there is distribution of data on either side of the mean (measure of central tendency) as given by SD (measure of dispersion). In case of categorical data the distribution is binomial as the out come is binary. The distribution of data is again dependent on the data type. The measure of dispersion includes standard deviation (SD), standard error and confidence interval. The measure of central tendency is direction towards the central most value of the data set as given by the mean or median. The representation of data is inclusive of two parameters: The measure of central tendency and the measure if dispersion. ![]() This information is expressed in percentage of patients having WSL. Prevalence of white spot lesion (WSL) in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. On the other hand, categorical data speaks about the quality of the data and is expressed in proportions or percentage. This is measured in micro-gram (μg) of debris extruded from the root apex. Comparison of apical debris extrusion with rotary vs. Continuous data describes the quantity measured on a scale. The language of statistics identifies numerical data of two types: Continuous data and Categorical data.
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